Despite its social and physical role as the interface between the dwelling and the urban fabric, recent housing policies have somewhat neglected the residential Open space putting emphasis on responding to the existing housing shortage. Summarizing the results of a research project conducted for defining "the design principles for child-friendly and elderly-friendly residential areas", the article enumerates guidelines for design of new facilities or rehabilitation of existing residential Open spaces for increased accessibility, security, and dynamicity.  

Extended Abstract: IntroductionIn today's world, where children grow up mostly in closed spaces and urban environments, intelligently designing play and educational spaces that provide opportunities for sensory experiences, discovery, and interaction with the environment plays a key role in the flourishing of children's creativity and cognitive development. The present study aims to compare how children experience space and interact with the environment in two modes: natural/Open and constructed/closed, and to identify spatial characteristics that are effective in the emergence and development of children's creativity. Methodology This research is of an applied type, and in terms of its implementation method, it has a descriptive-comparative design seeking to identify the role of the environment in the emergence of creativity in preschool children and to provide principles for designing appropriate spaces for this age group. In this study, five components of creative thinking, including "fluidity", "initiative", "flexibility", "expansion", and "total creativity", were assessed using the Torrance Standard Test (TTCT). The statistical population of this study consisted of preschool children living in Region 2 of Maragheh County. From this population, two sample groups were selected, which were active in Open and closed environments, respectively. Sampling was carried out purposively and based on specific criteria (such as age, educational level, and type of activity environment) to allow for effective comparison between the two groups. This research is derived from the master's thesis of architecture titled "Designing a children's ecological garden with the approach of promoting creativity in the city of Maragheh" and was carried out under the guidance of Dr. Azita Bilali Eskoui at Tabriz University of Islamic Arts. Result and discussion The findings of the present study showed that direct interaction with the natural environment plays a significant role in strengthening and developing children's creativity, so that children who were active in an Open and natural space showed a substantial increase in the components of creative thinking (fluency, originality, flexibility, expansion, and overall creativity) compared to the group who were active in a traditional kindergarten environment. In this study, the effect of space type on creativity components was examined separately, the results showed that the "innovation" component in Open space and the "flexibility" component in closed space had the most significant growth, which indicates the different effects of environments on various dimensions of creative thinking. ConclusionThe results of this research showed that the type of learning environment has a significant effect on the different components of preschool children's creativity. The findings indicated that the children who worked in the natural Open environment (Economic Garden) had a significant improvement in all components of creativity, especially in the "initiative" component. This clearly shows that spaces rich in natural stimuli, freedom of interaction, sensory diversity, and direct experience opportunities provide a suitable platform for the growth of innovation power, generation of innovative ideas, and strengthening of creative thinking in children. On the other hand, the group that worked in the closed environment of the kindergarten, although their overall creativity growth was more limited, showed the most significant increase in the "flexibility" component. This issue can indicate that closed environments, by providing specific frameworks and mental order, can help to develop the ability to change the thought path, adapt to the rules, and practice cognitive displacement. In sum, the findings of this research showed that both types of environment (Open or closed) with their unique characteristics can act as an effective stimulus in the development of specific dimensions of creativity. Therefore, the purposeful and balanced combination of Open and closed space, according to their different effects on the components of creativity, can be the basis for the all-round growth of creativity in children and provide a favorable platform for the formation of flexible, innovative, and problem-oriented minds in the future generation.

This study is a fi eld research that aims to determine the extent of green Open spaces that serve as neighborhood parks in Housing Public Company Panakkukang, which consists of three areas: Toddopuli, Tidung, and Tamalate. Population in this study, is the third of the areas. The selected sample is Tamalate, arguing that the area is in the middle and is central to the whole Housing Public Company Panakkukang. Data collection tool used is the Global Positioning System. Data analysis techniques, qualitative analysis that compares the comparison theory / standard SNI 03-1733-2004. Standard Housing in Urban Environmental Planning with the reality on the fi eld. Based on the results and discussion, it is known that the area of green Open space in the area of Housing Public Company Panakkukang Makassar city in general is not in accordance with the provisions of the extent of green Open space required in SNI 03-1733-2004.

The necessity to tackle the increasing common concern about safety issues, urges the scientific community to come up with the development of innovative intruder detection and early warning security systems. One of the most effective technological solutions is provided by the application of WSNs. In this endeavor, most solutions have already adopted supercomputers and other computer resource systems to process the enormous amount of data. Alternatively, to this approach, simpler and more easily implementable solutions, such as the WSNmod method, are already being put to use. In particular, WSNmod is based on three key elements, the categorization of sensor inputs, the quantization of the inputs and a time-window processing. WSNmod was introduced as an advanced intrusion detection system that focused on the minimization of the false positive alerts. Building on the idea of WSNmod, in this paper we focus, identify and quantify measurable parameters that influence the detection reliability. In addition, the very promising test results of the method and the security system are presented in a range of environmental conditions.

Children with capabilities, needs and different maturities based on the stages of age growth, method of life conditions and social texture of the place of residence have much more complex psychological needs than biological and physical needs. Though the urban environments, in addition to the adults have small and sharp children addresses which are more than adults under the effects of environmental variables, but the modern city does not know how to receive a child, and prefers to keep him/her in the protected places such as playground up to the age of encountering with the urban environment. Given this assumption that the urban spaces as a ground to grow children by meeting his/her needs help with his/her physical and social growth, this article tries to deal with the qualitative components of Open spaces of cities such as: possibility of the free activity of child in connection with these spaces, the presence and importance of the nature, participation of children as citizens in design and using these spaces and redefining the supervision of adults on children in using these spaces.In total, these components cause the enhancement of interaction of child with the Open spaces of cities. Finally, certain proposals are presented in line with the promotion of the quality of urban Open spaces in interaction of child for Iranian cities, using the traditional architectural teachings and cultural background, recreation of the concept of view to children and also the enhancement of the quality of Open spaces of cities as a child friendly places.

Now, more than ever, people are aware of our effect on the environment. Sustainable design strategies are of great importance nowadays. The strategy for sustainable development aims to promote harmony among human beings and between humanity and nature.The environment has endangered significantly by architecture. So another trend picking up speed is sustainable architecture. This involves buildings designed to have as little effect on the environment as possible.The study and reflection of vernacular sustainable architecture in arid climate areas such as Yazd, Kashan, as well as the way of indigenous human interaction with the environment revealed sustainable-based reflection is not a novelty subject. The architecture of these areas is incredibly consistent with the principles of sustainability.In Iranian traditional architecture Open spaces aren't only the rest of the building design but also they have a fundamental function. Although Open spaces have been one of the most effective factors in architecture and traditional urban planning of Iran, but contemporary architecture and urban housing focus on building mass and solid poche and as a result, building places in environment as a sculpture.Accordingly, this qualitative research aims to explain the role of Open spaces in sustainable architecture of these areas and evaluate Open space according to sustainability. First of all, the principles of sustainable architecture are mentioned. Then selected houses and neighborhoods are compared with those principles by comparison method. We propose three principles of sustainable architecture in this study. Economy of Resources is concerned with the reduction, reuse, and recycling of the natural resources that are input to a building. Life Cycle Design provides a methodology for analyzing the building process and its impact on the environment. Humane Design focuses on the interactions between humans and the natural world.In the research case study (hot and dry areas): In the design of traditional central courtyards houses, there are several precautions taken to mitigate the temperature extremes. Houses are surrounded by high walls and isolated from the street. During the day, external walls of houses usually provide shady areas in narrow streets and especially in courtyards.The main streets in the town face the direction of the prevailing wind. Of course, the streets are narrower than streets built for other purposes (in other regions). Surely if the streets were not narrow more sand would have been blown into the streets and ferocious winds would have penetrated into the city districts. Meanwhile the compact nature of the buildings prevents very high temperatures to develop by exposure to the sun.The findings depict the Open spaces have critical role in creating sustainable, vernacular architecture in arid climate areas. So, the consideration of this efficient element paves the way for achieving sustainable architecture. On this basis, in temporary architecture Open spaces including courtyards, voids, and spaces between buildings should be given as much thought as the buildings mass.This research has been done in qualitative approach and descriptive research method data collection is done by observation and study of written references, documents and evidences.